We have just seen how to form
a query for a generic MySQL session. While that was not particularly
difficult, using MySQL for Python is even easier. For this next section,
we will be working against a database fish with a table menu that has the following contents:
+----+----------------+-------+
| id | name | price |
+----+----------------+-------+
| 1 | tuna | 7.50 |
| 2 | bass | 6.75 |
| 3 | salmon | 9.50 |
| 4 | catfish | 5.00 |
| 5 | trout | 6.00 |
| 6 | haddock | 6.50 |
| 7 | yellowfin tuna | 12.00 |
+----+----------------+-------+
Python's interface with MySQL requires a cursor. It is through the cursor object that we pass commands to MySQL. So, we import MySQL for Python, log into our database fish and create the cursor as follows:
import MySQLdb
mydb = MySQLdb.connect(host = 'localhost',
user = 'skipper',
passwd = 'mysecret',
db = 'fish')
cur = mydb.cursor()
A simple SELECT statement
To pass a command to MySQL, we use the execute() method . The execute()
method, as the name implies, expects an argument of what is to be
executed by Python. In other words, it takes the MySQL sentence or
statement as its argument. Its basic syntax is as follows:
results_variable = cursor_handle.execute('MySQL statement')
In practice, it looks like this:
command = cur.execute('SELECT * FROM menu')
As you might surmise from the previous discussion on SELECT, this returns all rows of the table menu.
You will notice that we did not have to specify the database in the execute() call. This is because it was already specified in the MySQLdb.connect()
call. Each connection represents one database being accessed in the
name of one user on one host. If any of those dynamics need to change, a
new connection object becomes
necessary. It is possible to create a connection without declaring a
database at the outset, but a database must be specified before a cursor
can be created or a query made.
Unlike in the MySQL shell, the execute()
call here does not immediately return the results. They are held in
system memory (RAM) until you tell MySQL for Python what you want to do
with them. This is another reason why it is important to mind your use
of system resources in the use of HAVING and LIMIT, as mentioned previously.
For the purposes of illustration, we can pull down all of the results in one go. To do this, we use the fetchall() method of the cursor object.
results = command.fetchall()
At this point, the results have now passed from MySQL for Python into the calling program's resource matrix. The fetchall() method returns its results as a series of tuples. Printing the value of results shows the following:
>>> print results
((1L, 'tuna', Decimal('7.50')), (2L, 'bass', Decimal('6.75')), (3L, 'salmon', Decimal('9.50')),
(4L, 'catfish', Decimal('5.00')), (5L, 'trout', Decimal('6.00')), (6L, 'haddock', Decimal('6.50')), (7L, 'yellowfin tuna', Decimal('12.00')))
This is obviously far from
human-friendly. However, we can now use Python's own data-handling
resources to parse it. In programming terms, we now have greater control
over our data and can present it as we want. So let's create a loop to
iterate through the results and print the results in a formatted way.
>>> for record in results:
... print record[0] , "-->", record[1] , " @", record[2], "each"
...
1 --> tuna @ 7.50 each
2 --> bass @ 6.75 each
3 --> salmon @ 9.50 each
4 --> catfish @ 5.00 each
5 --> trout @ 6.00 each
6 --> haddock @ 6.50 each
7 --> yellowfin tuna @ 12.00 each
Modifying the results
The last query could easily have returned more results than we could use. As mentioned previously, this is why the SELECT
command comes with a comprehensive suite of modifiers to nuance one's
query and, hopefully, use a minimal amount of system resources.
To use GROUP BY, ORDER BY, or any of the other clauses that one can add to a SELECT statement, one simply adds them to the MySQL statement that is passed to the execute() method.
If you wanted to
retrieve information only on fish whose price is greater than $7, you
would need to sort through the data again and find the record with the
matching name. Better to let MySQL do the dirty work. Using the
preceding simple query (see Where under Other helpful quantifiers), we can do the following:
command = cur.execute("""SELECT * FROM menu WHERE price > 7""")
results = command.fetchall()
for record in results:
print record[0], ". ", record[1], "(%s)" %record[2]
The results would be:
1 . tuna (7.50)
3 . salmon (9.50)
7 . yellowfin tuna (12.00)
Similar statements can be passed for each of the SELECT clauses discussed above.
