Life can be a bit tough without all the
electronic gadgets we’ve got used to. But making an electronic circuit ‘work’
is even tougher. For electronics hobbyists, there is a lot that they must know
before getting their hands dirty, such as circuit designing and debugging. If
the design is wrong, most electronic components get damaged, resulting in a
waste of money. Featured here is a circuit simulator that hobbyists can get
started with.
The Quite Universal Circuit Simulator
(QUCS) is an open source electronics circuit simulator development. Though it
is very stable, there are things missing here and there, so let’s look at what
it can and cannot do. The QUCS GUI is based on Qt by Trolltech. The software
aims to support all kinds of circuit simulator types, e.g., DC, AC,
S-parameter, harmonic balance analysis, noise analysis, ect. The output of
these analyses can be expressed in various forms like the Smith-Chart,
Cartesian, Tabular, Polar, Smith-Polar combination, 3D-Cartesian, Locus Curve,
Timing Diagram and Truth Table.
Installing QUCS
On a Debian-based system, QUCS installation
is as simple as sudo apt-get install qucs, while is Ubuntu QUCS is available in
the Ubuntu Software Centre. Or you can do it the hard way, compiling from
source. Download the tarball from http://qucs.sourceforge.net/download.html and
unpack it with tar xvzf qucs-.tar.gz; then switch to the source directory (cd
qucs-) and configure the source package for your system with.
/configure. Compile the package with make and install it with make install.
Once installed, run QUCS in the terminal or
launch it from the Unity dashboard.
The QUCS structure
QUCS is actually a collection of different
modules, each with a different function:
·
The GUI is used to create schematics, set up
simulations, display simulation results, for writing VHDL code, etc.
·
The analogue simulator is a command line
program, which is run by the GUI in order to simulate the schematic you
previously set up. It takes a netlist, checks it for errors, performs the
required simulation actions, and finally produces a dataset.
·
The text editor is used to display netlists and
simulation logging information, and to edit files included by certain
components (like SPICE netlists or Touchstone files).
·
The filter synthesis application can be used to
design various types of filters.
·
The transmission line calculator can be used to
design and analyze different types of transmission lines (like micro strips and
coaxial cables).
·
The component library manager holds models for
real-life devices (like transistors, diodes, bridges and OP amps). It can be
extended by the user.
·
The attenuator synthesis application can be used
to design various types of passive attenuators.
·
The command line conversion program tool is used
by the GUI to import and export datasets, netlists and schematics from and to
other CAD/EDA software. The supported file formats as well as usage information
can be found in the qucsconv man page.
·
Additionally, the GUI steers other EDA tools.
For digital simulations (via VHDL), the program FreeHDL is used. For circuit
optimization (minimization of a cost function), ASCO is configured and run.
The QUCS component library has almost all
the components needed for most of the circuits, but as it is still in the
development stages, some components might be missing. The following categories
of components are provided:
·
Lumped components (R, L, C, amplifier, phase
shifter, etc)
·
Sources
·
Probes
·
Transmission lines
·
Non-linear components (diodes, transistors, etc)
·
Digital components
·
File containers (S-parameter datasets and SPICE
netlists)
·
Paintings
There is also a component library that
includes various standard components available in the market (bridges, diodes,
varistors, LEDs, JFETs, MOSFETs, and so on).
Working with QUCS
So let’s start off with some circuits.
Launch QUCS and proceed to start a new project. Click the New button in the
explorer window; a dialogue box will appear asking for the project name -
supply one, and proceed. Once the project is created, you can see all the contents
of the project in the Explorer window. The workspace is where you draw your
circuit.
Figure
1: The QUCS main window
Let’s start with a simple potential divider
circuit. You can find the components via the components button on the left side
of the Explorer window. Place two resistors from the lumped components and a DC
source from sources. Connect them using the wire (Ctrl + E); now place the
ground symbol near the negative of the cell. (Specifying a ground point is very
essential in all circuit simulators.)
Select Insert->Wire label and click on
the point between the two resistors and name it Vout (or anything you want).
Now, from simulations, place the DC simulation block; the schematic should look
like Figure 2. Now save it and go to Simulation ->Simulate. A new work area
appears, and also the Explorer window changes to the diagram tab. From there,
select a table and drag it to the work area. Choose the tabular (list of
values) diagram and place it on the data display page. After dropping the tabular,
the diagram dialog appears. By double clicking the Vout.V, the graph (i.e.,
values in a tabular plot) is added to the diagram (Figure 3). Besides the node
voltage Vout.V, the current through the DC voltage source V1.I is also
available. Only items listed in the dataset list can be put into the graph.
Figure
2: A circuit ready for simulation
Figure
3: A tabular output
Available dataset items
Depending on the type of simulation you
performed, you will find the following types of items in the dataset:
1. node.V-DC voltage at node
2. name.I-DC current through component name
3. node.v-AC voltage at node
4. name.i-AC current through component name
5. node.vn-AC noise voltage at node
6. name.in-AC noise current through component name
7. node.Vt-transient voltage at node
8. name.It-transient current through component name
9. S[1,1]-S-parameter value
Depending on the type of the graph, you
have various options to choose for it. For a tabular graph, there is number
precision, as well as type of number notation (important for complex values).
Press the ‘Ok’ button to close the dialogue box. You will get something like
what’s shown in Figure 4. You can change the properties of the components by
double-clicking on them and changing the properties in the Property box.
Figure
4: A graphical output
Parameter sweep
Now let’s look at how to plot the forward
characteristics of a p-n junction diode. The diode can be obtained from the
nonlinear components. Since we are going to plot how voltage varies as current
passing through the diode is changed, let’s use a DC current source, and change
its numerical value to a variable, If. This can be done by double-clicking the
component and editing the component dialogue box. Then wire up the circuit
(don’t forget to ground it), and place a wire label at a point between the
diode and the positive of the current source. Name it Vd.
Now place the DC simulation block and also
place the parameter sweep block. In the parameter sweep properties, give the
name of the DC simulation block you placed as DC1, the parameter as If (the
parameter you wish to change), and then give the type of variation you want -
whether linear or logarithmic. Then, give the starting and ending values (I
gave 0 to 10). Also give the number of points you need (100 will give you a
pretty neat graph). Now simulate, and in the data display page, place the
Cartesian diagram instead of the table as in the previous example, and choose
the parameter you want to display. You will have the forward characteristics of
the diode, with voltage on the y axis and current along the x axis.
What next?
I believe that students should be taught
such simulation software along with their lab experiments, and also that
students should try to use such tools when doing their projects. In this way, a
lot of time and money can be saved. You can analyze how a system will respond
in a given situation.
Well, I hope this information is enough to
get you started. There are lots of tutorials available on the Net. There is a
lot more that you can do with QUCS, like digital simulation, harmonic analysis,
transient analysis, etc. If you really liked the software, try contributing
back - after all, FOSS is all about sharing, giving and learning.
