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HARDWARE

State-Of-The-Art Standards – SATA Express (Part 2)

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Formerly called HSI (High Speed Interconnect) and later 3GIO (3rd Generation I/O), PCI Express came into existence in 2003, the same year as the SATA interface, coincidentally. The protocol it replaced, PCI, used a parallel bus interface in which every device (up to a maximum of five devices) connected to the PCI host shared the same address, data, and control lines, which restricted communications to a single master at a time and in just one direction.

PCI-Express support includes two 16x lanes that work 16x/1x or 8x/8x, along with an open-ended 4x underneath and a 1x mPCIe via the Combo card

PCI-Express support includes two 16x lanes that work 16x/1x or 8x/8x, along with
an open-ended 4x underneath and a 1x mPCIe via the Combo card

Clock rates on PCI were also reduced to the speed of the slowest component connected, and electromagnetic interference between the wires had become increasingly cost-prohibitive to prevent. PCI Express dumped the parallel bus and relied on an interface that essentially serialized the serial interface. PCI-E is a point-to-point serial interface that supports dedicated links between each component and the PCI-E hub; it lets full-duplex communication take place between the hub and component. As such, multiple PCI-E devices can communicate with the hub simultaneously without suffering a delay or taking a bandwidth hit from a slower-performing component.

Traditionally, each link extending from the PCI-E hub corresponds to a physical slot, but the slots come in different form factors that support different numbers of lanes (each of which consists of two differential signaling pairs, one for sending data and the other for receiving). The slot attached to a single-lane PCI-E interface is called a PCI-E x1 (by one) slot, and it sends one bit per clock cycle. The x4, x8, and x16 slots each transmit four, eight, and 16 bits per clock cycle, respectively.

PCIe-COM series feature selection of 8, 4, or 2 ports of software-selectable RS-232, RS-422, and RS-485 serial protocols.

PCIe-COM series feature selection of 8, 4, or 2 ports of
software-selectable RS-232, RS-422, and RS-485 serial protocols.

Each PCI-E lane has the bandwidth to handle bidirectional 250MBps transfer rates. Four years after PCI-E’s debut, the 2.0 revision effectively doubled the data rate for each PCI-E lane—500MBps in each direction. The latest version, PCI-E 3.0, alters the encoding scheme to dramatically reduce the overhead required to shift packets between the PCI-E hub and the individual devices. Where PCI-E 2.0 transmissions could have up to 20% of their total throughput set aside for overhead, PCI-E 3.0’s overhead costs are closer to 1.5% of the total available throughput. The more efficient encoding scheme translates to a real-world performance boost, delivering a per-lane 985MBps data rate. Based on these numbers, you can see how the SATA protocol could realize significant performance improvements by tapping into the latest PCI-E revisions.

Big B Or Little B?

Before we delve into SATA’s transformation, you may have noticed that we aren’t using bits per second to express speeds. Although they both utilize serial data links, SATA and PCI-E encode data differently, making it difficult to compare data rates using Mbps/Gbps. This is because SATA’s 8b/10b (10-bit symbols used to encode 8-bit words) encoding scheme lets the 6Gbps data rate translate to a 0.6GBps data rate. PCI-E 3.0, on the other hand, uses a 128b/130b (130-bit symbols used to encode 128-bit words) encoding scheme, which lets the protocol achieve a far more efficient 8Gbps per lane to nearly 1GBps per lane data rate translation.

The system will use the next-generation PCI Express flash storage technology

The system will use the next-generation PCI Express flash storage technology

Both PCI-E 2.0 and 1.0 rely on the same 8b/10b encoding scheme as SATA, and as a result the peak 2.5Gbps and 5Gbps per lane data rates for those protocols translates to 0.25GBps and 0.5GBps per lane, respectively. In this way, a single lane of PCI-E 3.0 has an approximate 67% advantage in GBps over SATA III. And the new SATA 3.2 revision supports even more than that.

 

 

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